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PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 10: Eucritta melanolimnetes

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Scotland is one of the most important palaeontological sites in the world for a particular group of animals - the Stem Tetrapods. Just about every land animal with four limbs, from amphibians to reptiles to birds to mammals, derives from this ancient order of beasties, and Scotland is one of the best places to find them in the world.




This particular tetrapod is tinyEucritta melanolimnetes, whose name means - quite literally - "creature from the black lagoon." Because palaeontologists are nothing if not gigantic geeks. Eucritta was small for this group at only 25cm/10inches, which is coincidentally the size of a large mudskipper. Since I love Mudskipper "fighting" (really just gaping their mouths at each other to show off their gums), I depicted two fiesty Eucritta airing their grievances in this manner, which I'd like to think is traditional among their kind.





OOOOOOOOO

AAAAAAAAAAAA

AAAAAWWWWWWW

AAAAAAHHHHHHH

PrehiScotInktoberfest 11: The Marvelous Creatures of the Rhynie Chert

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CAUTION FOR ARACHNOPHOBES

Beware, there's a beastie in PrehiScotInktoberfest 11! Well, technically not a spider... Let me explain.





Back at the turn of the 20th Century, while mapping near the wee village of Rhynie, incredibly rich and detailed fossil remains from the Devonian period were uncovered: such finds are called Lagerstätte. This Lagerstätte was called the Rhynie Chert for the village, and it's an extraordinary chunk of rock.

Normally, small animals are rarely fossilised on account of their size: microscopic fossils even more so. Yet the Rhynie Chert ensconced a plethora of absolutely tiny creatures, and for decades, was the only such example of such a find in the world.

So what were these beasties?




Well, that wee "spider" resting on a stem is a trigonotarbid called Palaeocharinus rhyniensis ("ancient Charinus Rhynie dweller"), a beastie unique to Scotland. It was only 4mm long, but it is very special, for trigonotarbids are among the earliest known land predators. I use "spider" in inverted commas, because they are far more primitive arachnids from before the time of spiders - though arachnophobes might find it a minor distinction! Palaeocharinus is notable for its eyes: not only those two beady ones in the middle, but two big lumps beside them with multiple lenses - theorised to be a link between compound eyes, and the many eyes of later arachnids.

As a landlubber, Palae-boy can only observe the shapes beneath the water's surface: furthest left is another Scotland original, Heterocrania rhyniensis is a euthycarcinoid, a weird arthropod thingy that's believed to be the ancestor of mandibulates (the group that includes myriapods like centipedes, crustaceans, and modern insects); furthest right is Castracollis wilsonae, a particularly advanced brachiopod, which are almost as common as trilobites in Scotland; lurking ominously in the background is Lepidocaris rhyniensis, the most common animal of the Rhynie Chert, which occupies its own family among the crustaceans.



They may not be as spectacular as the dinosaurs, but the Rhynie Chert fossils are amazing for the glimpse they offer into a world 400 million years passed, and if Water Bears have taught me anything, it's that the microscopic can be just as remarkable as the macroscopic.

PrehiScotInktoberfest 12: Pterichthyodes milleri

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The next three days may see a dearth of PrehiScotInktoberfest, for I'll be away deep in the Mountains of Argyll on a quest of self-discovery. (Yes, really. That's what I'm doing this weekend. Every Scottish person does it.)

But before I embark on this journey, here's PrehiScotInktoberfest 12!






Most Scottish prehistoric discoveries have been marine life forms, and Pterichthyodes milleri ("Miller's wing-fish form") was one of the first - as well as one of the first great mysteries. Back when these beasties were first found, Darwin's work on evolution had not yet been published, so people wondered what on earth these things were: they were unlike any fish living today, and they didn't seem to fit in with the established scientific consensus.

Nowadays, Pterichthyodes is classed as a placoderm, a very weird, and very old, order of fishies: they were some of the first to develop distinctive jaws, and displayed very distinctive armour-plated heads. As a paraphyletic organism, Pterichthyodes and other placoderms can be considered an ancestral relative to all jawed vertebrates. So, now you know who to blame!

Pterichthyodes was particularly remarkable for its powerful fins, from which it derives its name ("wing fish"): early reconstructions supposed that it, like the more famous lobe-finned fish, could crawl about on the land. More recent thinking suggests it used those powerful limbs to scuttle around the deep sea bed, or to bury into the sand like modern soles, as I illustrate here.




"I can see you, but you cannae see me, I am hidden!"

"Naw ah kin still see ye, Ptery."

"Kin ye naw caw me tha'?"

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 13: Hoots Mon Erra Moose Loose Aboot This Hoose

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PrehiScotInktoberfest 13 returns to the Jurassic, but rather than feature immense dinosaurs or grand sea creatures, we delve into the undergrowth - in this case, the forests of what is now the Isle of Skye.




On the left is the mighty Wareolestes rex ("Ware's Brigand King"), so named for its status as undisputed Master of Mammaliforms in Scotland by virtue of its size. Where most of Rexy's contemporaries were the sizes of rats or mice, Wareolestes towered over them - the size of a guinea pig, or a West Highland Haggis. Wareolestes was a Morganucodont, the direct ancestors of modern crown mammals - evidence of tooth replacement suggests it may even have produced milk for its young, a decidedly Mammalian trait.

Peeking from atop a fallen branch is Borealestes serendipitus ("Northern Brigand Serendipity"), a member of the Tritylodontidae family - the last of the cynodonts, the group between paramammals like Dimetrodon & other mammaliforms. While only fragments of jaw & tooth remain of Bory, comparisons to family members suggest it could have been a nocturnal hunter.

Finally we have Krusatodon kirtlingtonensis ("Krusat's Tooth from Kirtlington"), a Docodont, who were also closely related to modern mammals. Krusatodon was originally discovered in, well, Kirtlington, which you might know is in Oxfordshire rather than Scotland - which means that some of the beasties found in the cradle of British Palaeontological Discovery may have visited or even lived in Scotland, and vice versa. Although most Docodonts were ground-dwelling insectivores, there is evidence some of them could have been burrowers or semi-aquatic, like modern golden moles or water voles: since Skye was a coastal wetland during the Jurassic, it seems likely Krusatodon was an ancient spiritual ancestor of Scotland's furry water-dwellers.




"Whit'ye think's doon err, Rexy?"

"Dinnae ken, Bory, Mebbe treisur!"

"It isnae treisur, youse. It's never treisur."

"Wheesht, Krusty, awa' an back tae yer skiddlin'."

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 15: Jawless Wonders of the Silurian

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PrehiScotInktoberfest 15 returns to the sea, back to the late Silurian period, in what is now Lesmahagow. Back then, North Lanarkshire was submerged under the waves, where beasties dreadful & weird darted through the mirk. Our underwater trio are small jawless fish from that period..





Top left is Loganellia scotica ("Logan's creature from Scotland"), a thelodont. Logan was a scaley beastie with a very interesting feature: the branchial bars (primitive gill-like organs) were lined with denticle whorls, much like those of modern sharks. These denticles grew inside the throat, and may have functioned like teeth - meaning that Loganellia might be the earliest organism to need a dentist.

Top right is Jamoytius kerwoodi ("J.A. Moy-Thomas' creature from Kerwood"). Jammy has been the centre of controversy since its discovery: was it a basal chordate, an anaspid, a petromyzontiform, a larval ostracoderm, or a stem gnathostom? Current thinking is the latter, though debate rages on like only palaeontological phylogenics can. What is known about Jamm is that it was weird: it sported a single nostril, had no teeth, and 10+ branchial openings which functioned like gills. As of writing, Jamoytius is also a significant record holder: it is one of the oldest vertebrates yet discovered.

Swimming at the bottom is Lanarkia horrida ("Lanark creature horror"), another thelodont. Lanny is noted for its particularly pronounced spiny scales, again similar to modern sharks, albeit much more prominent than in its kindred taxon Loganellia.





I'm imagining them singing a doo-wop trio, which is rather difficult to achieve underwater, I'm sure you'll agree.

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 16: Akmonistion zangerli

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PrehiScotInktoberfest 16 stays in the sea, but jumps forward a bit in time to the early Carboniferous period, 360 - 298 million years ago. We are in what is now Bearsden - which, like much of Scotland in that period, was underwater. Thus far, only one creature has been discovered from Bearsden, and what a beastie it is!




Akmonistion zangerli ("Zangerl's Anvil Sail") is weel kent as the Bearsden Shark: more accurately, Akmo is a chimaera, a cartilaginous fishie that's a cousin to the sharks and rays. Since modern chimaeras are benthic bottom feeders, it stands to reason Akmo lived a similar life. At 3 feet long, Akmo isn't the largest of marine creatures - it isn't even the largest prehistoric fish, as we'll soon find out - but it's definitely one of the most distinctive.

If palaeontologists could ask Akmo a question (and if Akmo could answer), it would surely be "Ho, Akmo, whit's wi' thon hing oan yer heid?" If one was a Scottish palaeontologist, at least. The weird anvil-shaped fin from which it derives its name is the subject of much speculation: is it a display, a defense mechanism, a dimorphism? The name for this... thing is The Spine-Brush Complex. The top surface was covered in trabecular dentine, the same substance teeth are made of, and which are speculated to have been inflatable. Somehow. Sharks are weird at the best of times.

Not only are those dentines present on the SBC, they cover a patch of Akmo's head, giving the impression of a spiky haircut. Thus far, it appears only mature male sharks had these features. Even the fins are bizarre: the pectoral fins have long "whips" attached near the body, whose purpose is just as unknown as the SBC.

The teeth are practically normal in comparison, bearing multiple cusps like other early sharks: the shape suggests they developed to catch and hold prey to be swallowed whole, rather than sliced and diced like with modern sharks. Bizarre appendages, spiky heads, horrendous teeth - definitely from Bearsden!

Perhaps most curious of all is the fact Akmo is the only creature found in Bearsden. What did it eat? Did anything eat it? None can say for sure.





"Wheee, it's magic havin' the ocean tae oorsels, is it naw, Akmo?"

"Aye, Akmo, pure deid braw!"

"Superb! Whit ye want tae eat?"

"Dinnae ken. Phone furra Chinese?"

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 17: Eileanchelys waldmani & Friends

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Time for PrehiScotInktoberfest 17! Still in the sea, but now on to the familiar Triassic period. While much of the fossilised marine life on Skye is coastal, there is evidence of freshwater-dwellers too: this suggests Scotland, like much of Europe, was archepelagic, thousands of islands and lagoons bordering the ancient Tethys Ocean.




Centre stage in this image is Eileanchelys waldmani ("Waldman's Island Turtle") With a 25-30cm/10-12inch long shell, Eily used to be a contender, man. Back in 2008, it was considered that a missing link between the proto-tortoises of the Triassic and the more modern sea turtles of the Cretaceous, exemplified by the colossal Archelon. Alas, mere weeks after Eily was announced to the world, Chinese palaeontologists pushed their collective glasses up their noses, clearing their throats, & declaring; "AAAACTUALLY, we've just discovered a turtle that's 50 million years older. Even so, while Odontochelys is the new record-holder, Eileanchelys may still lay claim to fame as the oldest marine turtle yet discovered.

Given chelonians' leisurely pace, many modern animals are known to hitch rides on them - lizards, birds, and small mammals on tortoises; octopi, starfish, crustaceans, fish, and remoras on turtles. So, a bit of whimsy inspired by fact. The spooked reptile clutching Eily's dorsal shell is a juvenile Cteniogenys ("Scaly Origin"), a choristodere - a curious family of semi-aquatic reptiles, sometimes known as "paracrocodiles." Ctenio is a bit small for a choristodere, which would make it a target for some of the bigger beasties: the beastie would have nothing to fear from herbivorous Eily.

Looming menacingly in the background is Acrodus ("High Tooth"), a bottom-feeding shark found in sites all across the world. While the size would undoubtedly startle Ctenio, Acro most likely ate crunchier fare: its teeth were more suited to crustaceans and other shellfish. As well as its teeth, Acro was distinguished by its tiny stubby "horns," and the spines on the front of its two dorsal fins.





"Is the big fish gone?"

"Fur the lest time, ye wee feartie, he anely eats clams."

"Ah'm naw takin' ony chances."

"Weel dae it awa' frae me. Noo get aff!"

"YE KEN AH KIN HEAR YOUSE BLETHERIN FRAE OWUR HERE"

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 19: Ainiktozoon loganens

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PrehiScotInktoberfest hops back to Silurian Scotland, where unspeakable, indescribable THINGS once dwelt in the ancient waters of what is now Lesmagahow...



Ainiktozoon loganense ("Logan's Enigmatic Animal"). What ARE you? Back when it was first discovered n 1937, Zoon was believed to be some sort of early chordate (backboned animal). Nowadays, Zoon is considered a Thylacocephalan: a strange, mysterious order of arthropods which are tenuously related to crustaceans. 


Among the downright weird things with this beastie are its eyes - or rather, its eye: they're compound eyes, but whereas most insects have at least two, Thylacocephalans have all their eye organs clumped together, like those wraparound sunglasses skiers wear, or a Starfleet Chief Engineer's visor. It also has an unusually tall, flat carapace, which marks it as unusual even among Thylacocephalans. The whole thing looks like some eldritch alien organism that would request any nearby Bene Gesserit Witches decant the immediate area.




"Zoon?"

"Aye Zoon?"

"Ye ever wonder juist whit we are? Ah mean, leukit us. Wur bizarre. Are we hings that shoudna be?"

"Aye Zoon, aye time. Dinnae fash yersel aboot it."

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 21: Cephalaspis

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PrehiScotInktoberfest 21 returns to the sea (again, this happens a lot when most of your country's fossils are marine lifeforms).




Cephalaspis ("Shield head") swam - very slowly - in the Devonian estuaries of what is now Strathmore. Cephy was a jawless fish like Jamy, about the size of a trout: unlike Jamy, however, it had an impressive plow-like shield on its head. This was likely an adaptation for multiple uses: for calcium storage in low-calcium environments; to shovel dirt, silt, and sand out of the way as it hoovered up algae and worms; and, most ominously, as a defense against the gigantic sea-scorpions which menaced Scottish seas in this time.

Cephalaspis has the unfortunate luck to be a "wastebasket taxon": if remains from a jawless fish are too fragmentary or inconclusive for diagnosis, they tend to be assigned to Cephalaspis out of convenience. There are thus dozen of Cephy species all around the world, a number which will probably grow in the years to come.





Cephy might look familiar to documentary watchers: it appeared in a starring role on "Walking With Monsters," the underrated prequel to "Walking With Dinosaurs," along with some of terrifying predators - who will receive their own PrehiScotInktoberfest soonly...





"Wait, whit he say aboot terrifying predators?"

"Dinnae ken, bit ahm naw waitin' tae find oot!"

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 14: Silvanerpeton miripedes & Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis

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PrehiScotInktoberfest 14 returns to the undergrowth, but this time back to the primeval Devonian, and the beasties are quite a bit nastier than the furry critters of the Jurassic!




So, it's established that if you're going to talk about ancient tetrapods, Scotland is where you go. Today's tetrapod, seen scurrying in the foreground of what is now East Kirkton Quarry, is Silvanerpeton miripedes ("Woodland crawler with wonderful feet"), only about 30cm long - the length of a ruler. Silva is particularly important in the fossil record, as it lived right in a period known as Romer's Gap - a period of some 25 million years where fossil tetrapods are poorly known. Since tetrapods were the ancestors of reptiles, birds, and mammals, it's a pretty crucial period to be lost to science. We know plenty about the four-legged beasties before 360 MYA & after 345 MYA, but Romer's Gap eluded scientists for years.

You may have noticed Silvanerpeton isn't alone in this image. Crashing through the ferns is the monstrous Pulmonoscorpius kirktonensis ("Lung scorpion of Kirkton"), who might be one of the reasons tetrapods are so rare in Romer's Gap! Pulmo here is one of the largest land-dwelling scorpions yet discovered, a colossal 70cm/28 inches, with claws like kitchen scissors and a stinger the size of a hen's egg. You know the rule of thumb with scorpions, where thin tails & big claws = less venomous, & thick tails & thin claws = more venomous? Pulmo had a very thick tail - which sounds like bad news for tetrapods like Silva.





"'Mon wee Silva! Gies a hug!"

"Wi thay claws? Nae chance!"

"Ach go oan!"

"Naw!"

"HUUUUUUUG!"

"HALP! HALP! TETRAPOD OPPRESSION!"

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 18: Arthropleura

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PrehiScotInktoberfest 18 returns to the land of BIG GIANT CREEPY CRAWLY BEASTIE BUGS WARNING FOR BUGAPHOBES

We've all heard of Nessie; and the weird creatures of Scots folklore - Kelpies, Selkies, Bashees, Bogles, Redcaps, the Blue Men of the Minch. Scotland has long played host to monsters - and great long trackways in the stone shores from Crail in Fife to the Isle of Arran are all that remains of one of Scotland's first giants.






Arthropleura ("Jointed Ribs") is easily the largest invertebrate ever to crawl the earth. It's mahoosive. The beastie that laid the Crail tracks is estimated to be *only* 4 feet long - as in, it's a *wee guy* compared to its bigger cousins, who could grow to lengths of 2.3m, or 7 1/2 feet. For comparison, that wee tetrapod in the top of the picture is roughly the size of a Scottish Terrier. There is no naturally occurring animal living in Scotland today that approaches that size, let alone any arthropod. Of course, the Carboniferous period of 315 to 299 million years ago had a much higher oxygen content than nowadays, and since Scotland was a hot, steamy jungle at the time, Arthro would've had a great time.

Despite the fearsomeness of its size, Arthropleura's generally believed to be a herbivore - certainly there was more than enough plant matter around for it to feast upon, and few tetrapods would have posed any sort of threat. Alas, with the great drying out which heralded the Permian Period, Arthro faded into the mists of prehistory...








"Ho big yin, gies a pund!"

"Nae change mate."

"Nae worries pal. (yeh ticht guid-fer-nowt...)"

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 20: Ribbo

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Today's beastie is as-yet officially unnamed, but affectionately known as "Ribbo." Ribbo is another tetrapod from the fabled Romer's Gap, that mysterious epoch of prehistory that has an anomalous dearth of tetrapod fossils. 

It's difficult to convey how weird that is. 




Now, there are plenty of geological periods that aren't great for fossil preservation: the global environment, the animals' fragile bodies, or geological activity means that for every animal fossilised, there are *billions* which were not. There are periods where there just isn't that much life at all in one are or another. And there are periods, like the end of the Permian, where some incredible catastrophe has wiped out huge amounts of life. Romer's Gap is none of those: there is an abundance of other lifeform fossils - fish, arthropods, plants, fungi, and more. For some reason, tetrapods just seem to disappear for tens of millions of years, only to return as if nothing happened. Only Scotland and, funnily enough, Nova Scotia bear tetrapod remains from this period.

Ribbo is the first of at least six new species from Romer's Gap discovered in Scotland since 2012. These species are particularly important, as they offer insight as to how tetrapods made the journey from aquatic & amphibious lifestyles to fully terrestrial ones. Ribbo's name is a reference to its prominent & developed ribs - strong evidence that it could breath efficiently enough to spend more time on land than its predecessors.





"GUYS

GUYS

HOY GUYS

LOOK AT ME

GUYS

GUYS

GUYS LOOK

I'M WALKING OVER ROMER'S GAP! AAAAAHAHA AMMA PURE GENIUS"

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 22: Cowiedesmus eroticopodus

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PrehiScotInktoberfest 22 takes us to Silurian Stonehaven, some 423 million years ago, to the beginning of life on land.




The rocks of Cowie Harbour bear fossils that seem small and unremarkable at first: three millipedes, none approaching the gargantuan proportions of their descendent Arthropleura - but their age means they are among the oldest known terrestrial animals.

One of these millipedes is Cowiedesmus eroticopodus ("Cowie Bridge with the Erotic Feet"), only 4cm long. Cowie was quite difficult to draw, as aside from palaeontological diagrams and photos of the fossil, I can't seem to find any other reconstructions of the beastie. Could this be the first piece of Cowiedesmus palaeoart? Hopefully it isn't too inaccurate!

You might notice one pair of its legs is rather different from the others: they are unique to Cowie among the Stonehaven Bugs, from a single fossil which only preserves from the head to the 8th segment. It is theorised that these legs had some sort of mating use: either they were claspers which helped them hold on to each other, or they were gonopods, which were... well, you're on the internet, you can Google it.





"Weel hullo err hen! Gonnae check oot the gonopod show owur here!" *flexes adorably*

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 23: Scleromochlus taylori

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The unforgiving desert of Triassic... Lossiemouth. 

Yes, really.




The denizens of Lossimouth's Sandstone formations were used to a far warmer climate than today: this was the last age of Pangaea, the great supercontinent, before it began its great schism into the continents of today. Scotland was situated far enough from the coast that it was subsumed by the great hot deserts that stretched across much of Pangaea's interior. Life was harsh, and the creatures of the day had to survive the heat of the day and the cold of the night.

Scleromochlus taylori ("Taylor's Hard Fulcrum") was such a survivor. Only the size of a small bird, it's somewhat miraculous that remains of this wee beastie have been found at all: many of the seven specimens found at Lossiemouth are impressions rather than true fossils, and though none are complete, enough remains to get a rough idea of the creature's outline. It was a weird wee beastie: picture a lizard with kangaroo legs, and possibly covered in patches of fluff, and you get Sclero. One curiousity is at least two specimens were found in such close proximity to each other that they had to have been huddled together for warmth, suggesting a degree of gregariousness, not to mention latent cuteness.

Sclero is particularly notable as a stem Ornithodiran - the root from which dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and modern birds all derive - and it's easy to see the resemblances. While theories abound as to the reason for its extremely long legs - some render them with flying squirrel-esque skin folds, others with semi-aquatic features - given the climate, it seems likely that the beasties lived much like nocturnal desert-dwelling animals. It's easy to imagine them hopping about in the twilight like modern jerboas.






"Sclero."

"Hng."

"Sclero!"

"Whit?"

"Whit's eh time?"

"Sun's still oot. Back tae sleep. & quit snoring'."

"Hng."

PrehiScotInktoberfest Day 24: Westlothiana lizziae

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PrehiScotInktoberfest 24 is a very special one for me. Not long ago, my grandfather celebrated his 84th birthday. One of my favourite memories, of which there are many, of him was when he took me & the rest of the family to see the Dinosaurs From China exhibition. While there were plenty of dinosaurs present - Mamenchisaurus, Yangchuanosaurus, Tsintaosaurus (they were nothing if not proudly local of their dinosaurs in China) - there was one fossil that I'll never forget.





Back then, it was not formally named: it was just called "Lizzie." Since then, its nickname was formalised into the specific name as Westlothiana lizziae ("Lizzie from West Lothian"). Originally, Lizzie was believed to be the earliest reptile to be discovered: subsequent findings suggest it's more a reptiliomorph (as with Saltopus & Eileanchelys, it just needed baking a few million more years in the oven).

Lizzie dwelt in what is now East Kirkton Quarry, Bathgate, 338 million years ago - the Carboniferous period. East Kirkton is particularly known for being a rare Scottish site that preserves land animals - such as the huge scorpions, massive millipedes, and early landlubbers. The site of the quarry in the Carboniferous was a small, hot lake, fed by volcanic hot springs - possibly scalding hot, or poisonous from chemicals in the springs, which built up layers into the formation we see today.

While the dinosaur skeletons were spectacular, they were mostly casts - models - of the original. Lizzie was the real thing: a genuine fossil, and to this day, the only one of its kind to be found. There's always something about being in the presence of such a wonder - a link to unfathomed aeons of time in the past. Lizzie is proudly displayed in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, alongside other palaeontological marvels from Scotland's, and the world's, distant past.




"I remember going to see Mrs Murray, the Head Teacher and thinking 'I'm just going to be honest and ask if I can keep my children off school to go on a trip to see the dinosaurs from China' always knowing that Al would never keep it to himself and both children were incapable of lies anyway. I had a deep argument ready for this completely relevant excursion for us but I knew that it was slightly crazy for most primary children to drive for hours for an exhibition to spend a short time, turn around and back. My Dad was just as excited and drove happily. What a surprise to find that Mrs Murray was actually supportive and pleased for us all to have such an opportunity and easily allowed us to officially skive and enjoy the trip. It was one of the very happiest day's of Al's life seeing 'Lizzie', as this was the center point of the trip, he would just have stood there all day looking at 'Lizzie' but there was lots to see."
 - Mammy

PrehiScotInktoberFest Day 25: Crassigyrinus scoticus

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Man, this is much more difficult than I thought it was going to be!



So, Carboniferous Scotland, and let's take a look at Crassigyrinus scoticus ("Thick Tadpole of Scotland"), another tetrapod - but one with something of a twist. While most of Crassi's contemporaries were making their steps onto land, this beastie was going in the opposite direction - its limbs atrophying, its tail fin becoming more powerful and pronounced, its general morphology starting to evoke that of an eel or tadpole.

In the time Crassi was discovered (a lower jaw previously ascribed to Macromerium before a more complete skeleton in the 1980s prompted reappraisal), such an apparent backwards step would be considered de-evolution, and rather perplexing to palaeontologists. Yet Crassi's developments show it was greatly suited for its environment, and likely a highly effective predator in the shallow river and inlets it prowled. Its comparatively large eyes would've been very helpful in murky waters, perhaps even at night; its skull was reinforced to absorb the shock of struggling prey; it even had a double row of teeth - the interior row with nasty fangs - to hold its meal in its enormous jaws. At 1.5m long, it could have been one of the top predators of its domain.

Crassi has had a bit of a moment in popular culture spotlight: it appeared in an episode of Prehistoric Park, where beloved animal botherer Nigel Marven wrangled with one on a foray to the Carboniferous period (presumably before his untimely death at the hands of a rampaging Giganotosaurus).





"Oh, so yer aw goan ontae laund no, are yez? Watter naw guid enoch fur yez? Whit, ye hink yer better than yer ancestors, dae ye? Weel AHM gangin' back tae th' sea. See if I care!"

Art of Time's Abyss: Best of 2017

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Just a few of my favourite pieces of artwork which I made this year.




August


Some of you might recall my post regarding some drawings I did a couple of days ago. I don't know why I wanted to draw these particular individuals: I never know where inspiration comes from. Well, I just learned that one of the subjects is making a pretty bold life decision, & moving to Arizona: she's leaving a lot of friends & family behind, and is understandably very emotional about it.

Regardless of your thoughts on coincidence, it's amazing that I would have this strange desire to draw someone just at the same time this happens, isn't it? Even more so that they're moving to a place where I have family, and made so many friends.

So, all my Arizona family & friends: if you ever, by some slim chance, come across Andrea "Drea" Copeland, make sure she feels as welcome and accepted in your fine state as I did. You'll love her: she likes dinosaurs, video games, horror films, whisky, and chickens. She could do with love in a strange land.

Sometimes, art has a funny way of focusing on the important things in life.

I then went on to draw her friends, a wee collective of reviewers, gamers, artists, and more called Girls Play:








It's good fun.

September

 

A very dear friend of mine experienced a very rough time of it this month. I drew this to cheer them up.
 
October


While most of October was taken up by PrehiScotInktoberfest, I also did a sketch of Cheng Man-ch'ing, great Chinese doctor, scholar, poet, painter, calligraphist, and most famously, developer of the Yang-style short form of t'ai chi ch'uan.

November



If you don't get it, say it out loud. JUR-A-SSIC. Eh? Eh? Eh.

Six Quarter-Centuries of Clark Ashton Smith

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He and his followers were well armed and accoutered. Some of the men bore coils of rope and grapplinghooks to be employed in the escalade of the steeper crags. Some carried heavy crossbows; and many were equipped with long-handled and saber-bladed bills which, from experience, had proved the most effective weapons in close-range fighting with the Voormis. The whole party was variously studded with auxiliary knives, throwing-darts, two-handed simitars, maces, bodkins and saw-toothed axes. The men were all clad in jerkins and hose of dinosaur-leather, and were shod with brazen-spiked buskins. Ralibar Vooz himself wore a light suiting of copper chain-mail, which, flexible as cloth, in no wise impeded his movements. In addition he carried a buckler of mammoth-hide with a long bronze spike in its center that could be used as a thrusting-sword; and, being a man of huge stature and strength, his shoulders and baldric were hung with a whole arsenal of weaponries.
 - "The Seven Geases," pre-dating the current D&D Everything's Better With Dinosaurs craze by 80-odd years

125 years marks since the birth of Clark Ashton Smith. 2018 marks several other important anniversaries in the world of weird fiction, in particular dinosaur fiction. Because of this, I'm going to take inspiration from Mr Smith, & decide to finally do a thing that I've been wanting to do for years. I'll explain more in a future post.

Mr Smith wrote dozens upon dozens of extraordinary stories & poems: even if he doesn't receive anything like the recognition he deserves, his influence is clear among those who have shaped the worlds he lit up with the sparks of his prose.

Robert E. Howard at 112

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As I'd been branching out over the past few years, there are a few new friends & followers who might not know much about Robert E. Howard's work, and it never occurred to me to do something fairly simple: a wee list of my favourite stories. Not necessarily those I consider the best, just ones that have stayed with me, and that I found the most compelling & memorable.

Today, Howard's birthday, seems as good a day to do so as any.





Almuric
starring Esau Cairn

It is an awesome sensation to be suddenly hurled from one’s native world into a new strange alien sphere. To say that I was not appalled at the prospect, that I did not shrink and shudder in spite of the peaceful quiet of my environs, would be hypocrisy. I, who had never known fear, was transformed into a mass of quivering, cowering nerves, starting at my own shadow. It was that man’s utter helplessness was borne in upon me, and my mighty frame and massive thews seemed frail and brittle as the body of a child. How could I pit them against an unknown world? In that instant I would gladly have returned to Earth and the gallows that awaited me, rather than face the nameless terrors with which imagination peopled my new-found world. But I was soon to learn that those thews I now despised were capable of carrying me through greater perils than I dreamed.
To describe Almuric as Robert E. Howard's John Carter is only half the story. Where Burroughs' method of transportation was spiritual, Howard's is scientific; Carter is a heroic and noble soldier who fights to unify the warring peoples of Mars, but Cairn is a fugitive mob heavy who leads a slave uprising; Burroughs' prose is earnest and dreamlike as a modern chivalric romance, while Howard's is powerful and bombastic as a pagan storyteller's saga. The tale is in the telling, after all.

While I hope I'll get around to my series on Almuric one of these days, Keith Taylor has a fantastic essay which hits most of the points I share. As he says, it's a wild, wild planet.



"Blood of the Gods"
Starring Francis Xavier Gordon, "El Borak"

The sun was swinging low over the desert, a tawny stretch of rocky soil and sand as far as Gordon could see in every direction. The solitary rider was the only visible sign of life, but Gordon's vigilance was keen. Days and nights of hard riding lay behind him; he was coming into the Ruweila country, now, and every step he took increased his danger by that much. The Ruweila, whom he believed to be kin to the powerful Roualla of El Hamad, were true sons of Ishmael—hawks of the desert, whose hands were against every man not of their clan. To avoid their country the regular caravan road to the west swung wide to the south. This was an easy route, with wells a day's march apart, and it passed within a day's ride of the Caves of El Khour, the catacombs which pit a low range of hills rising sheer out of the wastelands.
Few white men know of their existence, but evidently Hawkston knew of the ancient trail that turned northward from the Well of Khosru, on the caravan road. Hawkston was perforce approaching El Khour circuitously. Gordon was heading straight westward, across waterless wastes, cut by a trace so faint only an Arab or El Borak could have followed it. On that route there was but one watering place between the fringe of oases along the coast and the Caves —the half-mythical Well of Amir Khan, the existence of which was a secret jealously guarded by the Bedouins.
There was no fixed habitation at the oasis, which was but a clump of palms, watered by a small spring, but frequently bands of Ruweila camped there. That was a chance he must take. He hoped they were driving their camel herds somewhere far to the north, in the heart of their country; but like true hawks, they ranged far afield, striking at the caravans and the outlying villages.
The trail he was following was so slight that few would have recognized it as such. It stretched dimly away before him over a level expanse of stone- littered ground, broken on one hand by sand dunes, on the other by a succession of low ridges. He glanced at the sun, and tapped the water-bag that swung from the saddle. There was little left, though he had practised the grim economy of a Bedouin or a wolf. But within a few hours he would be at the Well of Amir Khan, where he would replenish his supply—though his nerves tightened at the thought of what might be waiting there for him.
Howard's historical adventures might owe a great debt to the works of Mundy, Lamb, Conan Doyle, Sabatini, and others, but just like his Sword-and-Sorcery, he brings his own style & sensibilities to the table. El Borak is T.E. Lawrence mixed with Indiana Jones: a soldier of fortune with a conscience and hatred of dogmatic tyrants, with a refreshingly cynical view of British Afghanistan and admirably varied cast of Afghan heroes & villains - perhaps typical for Howard, you get the sense that he's on the side of the barbarians, if not the despots who seek to replace British rule with something even worse.

"Blood of the Gods" is my favourite of the El Borak tales for a few reasons. For one, the setting is the star: few stories describe the desolate wilderness of the setting with such detail & vivid life. For another, it's the story which skirts closest to the supernatural, with much talk of ancient evils and mystic terrors (which I won't spoil), almost placing it into the realm of Weird Tale. If nothing else, it's a concise story which shows the character, and his world, at its best.



"Hawks of Outremer"
starring Cormac Fitzgeoffrey
The big warrior strode to the tavern door and entered, treading lightly as a cat despite his heavy armor. The man-at-arms rubbed his arm and stared after him curiously, noting, in the dim light, that FitzGeoffrey bore a shield with the horrific emblem of his family - a white grinning skull. The guardsman knew him of old - a turbulent character, a savage fighter and the only man among the Crusaders who had been esteemed stronger than Richard the Lion-hearted. But FitzGeoffrey had taken ship for his native isle even before Richard had departed from the Holy Land. The Third Crusade had ended in failure and disgrace; most of the Frankish knights had followed their kings homeward. What was this grim Irish killer doing on the road to Antioch?

Cormac Fitzgeoffrey is Conan turned to 11. He's the Terminator of the Crusades, the Westworld Gunslinger of the Middle Ages, Marv with a sword. "Hawks of Outremer" is the first and the best of the three (well, two and a half) Cormac tales for sheer holy $#1% moments. Yet even placing the ludicrous badassery of Cormac aside, the tale is also full of colourful characters, as well as special guest appearances from some of history's greatest figures.



"Marchers of Valhalla"
starring James Allison

I could have loved life and lived deeply as a cowboy, even here, before the squatters turned the country from an open range to a drift of open farms. I could have lived deep as a buffalo hunter, an Indian fighter, or an explorer, even here. But I was born out of my time, and even the exploits of this weary age were denied me. It’s bitter beyond human telling to sit chained and helpless, and feel the hot blood drying in my veins, and the glittering dreams fading in my dream. I come of a restless, roving, fighting race. My great-grandfather died at the Alamo, shoulder to shoulder with David Crockett. My grandfather rode with Jack Hayes and Bigfoot Wallace, and fell with three-quarters of Hood’s brigade. My oldest brother fell at Vimy Ridge, fighting with the Canadians, and the other died at the Argonne. My father is a cripple, too; he sits drowsing in his chair all day, but his dreams are full of brave memories, for the bullet that broke his leg struck him as he charged up San Juan Hill. But what have I to feel or dream or think?

While "The Valley of the Worm" is preeminent among the James Allison stories as Howard's interpretation of the Man vs Dragon ur-legend, "Marchers" is just as amazing as a take on the migration mythology of so many peoples.



"The Mirrors of Tuzun Thune"
starring Kull of Atlantis

There comes, even to kings, the time of great weariness. Then the gold of the throne is brass, the silk of the palace becomes drab. The gems in the diadem sparkle drearily like the ice of the white seas; the speech of men is as the empty rattle of a jester's bell and the feel comes of things unreal; even the sun is copper in the sky, and the breath of the green ocean is no longer fresh.

Kull sat upon the throne of Valusia and the hour of weariness was upon him. They moved before him in an endless, meaningless panorama: men, women, priests, events and shadows of events; things seen and things to be attained. But like shadows they came and went, leaving no trace upon his consciousness, save that of a great mental fatigue. Yet Kull was not tired. There was a longing in him for things beyond himself and beyond the Valusian court. An unrest stirred in him, and strange, luminous dreams roamed his soul.

While I really enjoy all the Kull tales to varying degrees, I found myself really hard-pressed to pick a favourite. Do I go with "The Cat and the Skull" with its awesome cast of beasts and the debut of the original Thulsa Doom? Perhaps the conspiracy, courtly intrigue, & deeply cathartic ending of "By This Axe, I Rule!"? Or how about "The Shadow Kingdom," which I think could technically count as part of the obscure "Dinosaurs Protect The Earth From Aliens" subgenre?

In the end, I went with "Mirrors" for the sheer joy of the prose. This is Howard painting with words, effortlessly spinning similes and metaphors with a flair that shows him truly at his best and most dreamlike. The story itself, featuring the solemn, contemplative Kull facing not usurping nobles or inhuman monsters, but existential annihilation is a wonderfully curious drama. A very short tale, but also one of the most enjoyable.



"The People of the Dark"
starring Conan the Gael

I came to Dagon's Cave to kill Richard Brent.

I am not by nature criminal. I was born and raised in a hard country, and have lived most of my life on the raw edges of the world, where a man took what he wanted, if he could, and mercy was a virtue little known. But it was a torment that racked me day and night that sent me out to take the life of Richard Brent. I have lived hard, and violently, perhaps. When love overtook me, it also was fierce and violent. Perhaps I was not wholly sane, what with my love for Eleanor Bland and my hatred for Richard Brent. Under any other circumstances, I would have been glad to call him friend--a fine, rangy, upstanding young fellow, clear-eyed and strong. But he stood in the way of my desire and he must die.

Can't really add more than I did in my review: a tragic Sword-and-Sorcery love story full of revenge, action, conflict, and weirdness.



"The Shadow of the Vulture"
starring Red Sonya

On a gun-turret on the threatened wall, leaning on his great sword and meditatively twisting his mustache, Gottfried von Kalmbach watched a Transylvanian gunner being carried off the wall, his brains oozing from a hole in his head; a Turkish matchlock had spoken too near the walls. The field- pieces of the Sultan were barking like deep-toned dogs, knocking chips off the battlements. The Janizaries were advancing, kneeling, firing, reloading as they came on. Bullets glanced from the crenelles and whined off venomously into space. One flattened against Gottfried's hauberk, bringing an outraged grunt from him. Turning toward the abandoned gun, he saw a colorful, incongruous figure bending over the massive breech.
It was a woman, dressed as von Kalmbach had not seen even the dandies of France dressed. She was tall, splendidly shaped, but lithe. From under a steel cap escaped rebellious tresses that rippled red gold in the sun over her compact shoulders. High boots of Cordovan leather came to her mid-thighs, which were cased in baggy breeches. She wore a shirt of fine Turkish mesh-mail tucked into her breeches. Her supple waist was confined by a flowing sash of green silk, into which were thrust a brace of pistols and a dagger, and from which depended a long Hungarian saber. Over all was carelessly thrown a scarlet cloak.
This surprising figure was bending over the cannon, sighting it in a manner betokening more than a passing familiarity, at a group of Turks who were wheeling a carriage-gun just within range.

While not the main protagonist of the story, Sonya is undoubtedly the most memorable in a cast of memorable characters, from the loveable braggart Gottfried Von Kalmbach, to the menacing Mikhail Oglu, and the refreshingly human representation of Suleiman the Magnificent. What's most cool is that, a few references to Sonya's physique aside, this never becomes a strained love story, so much as a medieval buddy cop adventure, with Sonya as simultaneously the unpredictable loose cannon (HA) and the "responsible" one that has to get her frequently drunken pal out of trouble.



"Sluggers on the Beach" 
starring Sailor Steve Costigan

The minute I seen the man which was going to referee my fight with Slip Harper in the Amusement Palace Fight Club, Shanghai, I takes a vi'lent dislike to him. His name was Hoolihan, a fighting sailor, same as me, and he was a big red-headed gorilla with hands like hairy hams, and he carried hisself with a swagger which put my teeth on edge. He looked like he thought he was king of the waterfront, and that there is a title I aspires to myself.
I detests these conceited jackasses. I'm glad that egotism ain't amongst my faults. Nobody'd ever know, from my conversation, that I was the bully of the toughest ship afloat, and the terror of bucko mates from Valparaiso to Singapore. I'm that modest I don't think I'm half as good as I really am.
But Red Hoolihan got under my hide with his struttings and giving instructions in that fog-horn beller of his'n. And when he discovered that Slip Harper was a old shipmate of his'n, his actions growed unbearable.
He made this discovery in the third round, whilst counting over Harper, who hadst stopped one of my man-killing left hooks with his chin.
"Seven! Eight! Nine!" said Hoolihan, and then he stopped counting and said: "By golly, ain't you the Johnny Harper that used to be bos'n aboard the old Saigon?"
"Yuh—yeah!" goggled Harper, groggily, getting his legs under him, whilst the crowd went hysterical.
"What's eatin' you, Hoolihan?" I roared indignantly. "G'wan countin'!"
He gives me a baleful glare.
"I'm refereein' this mill," he said. "You tend to your part of it. By golly, Johnny, I ain't seen you since I broke jail in Calcutta—"
I cannot truly convey the sheer pleasure it was for me to be in the presence of Robert E. Howard biographer Mark Finn as he read from this story aloud. Doubled up in tears of laughter, so I was: you might even hear a few hearty peals in this video! For a man most well known for his Sword-and-Sorcery yarns, some of Howard's absolute best work was funny boxing stories.



"The Sword Woman"
starring Dark Agnes

“Ever the man in men!” I said between my teeth. “Let a woman know her proper place: let her milk and spin and sew and bake and bear children, not look beyond her threshold or the command of her lord and master!  Bah! I spit on you all!  There is no man alive who can face me with weapons and live, and before I die, I’ll prove it to the world. Women!  Cows!  Slaves! Whimpering, cringing serfs, crouching to blows, revenging themselves by taking their own lives, as my sister urged me to do. Ha! You deny me a place among men? By God, I’ll live as I please and die as God wills, but if I’m not fit to be a man’s comrade, at least I’ll be no man’s mistress.

Outside his comedies, Howard very rarely utilised the first person perspective. He also very rarely wrote stories with women as the point-of-view protagonist. "The Sword Woman"was both, and that perspective lends a great deal of power to this early sword woman in modern historical fiction.

I wrote this about Agnes many years ago, & I still think it's true:

I've often maintained that Dark Agnes is one of Howard's most important characters, not only because of how far ahead of his time they are, but because I feel Agnes is one of Howard's most personal creations.  Reading Agnes' frustration at her station, the resentment of men not allowing her to be who she is as she pleases, the application of rugged outdoors skills to deadly professions, the protestation against arbitrary social laws and rules and traditions - all in a character who isn't a mighty-thewed barbarian or shrewd gunslinger, but in a woman. She has none of the baggage of Howard's other heroes: none of the religious elements of Solomon Kane, none of the machismo alpha-male culture of his barbarian heroes, none of the political/cultural sensitivity implications of El Borak or Costigan.

If pushed, I'd probably still call Dark Agnes my favourite Howard character, even above Conan or Bran Mak Morn, simply because of this story.



"The Tower of the Elephant"
starring Conan of Cimmeria

The lurid lights and drunken revelry fell away behind the Cimmerian. He had discarded his torn tunic, and walked through the night naked except for a loin-cloth and his high-strapped sandals. He moved with the supple ease of a great tiger, his steely muscles rippling under his brown skin.
He had entered the part of the city reserved for the temples. On all sides of him they glittered white in the starlight—snowy marble pillars and golden domes and silver arches, shrines of Zamora's myriad strange gods. He did not trouble his head about them; he knew that Zamora's religion, like all things of a civilized, long-settled people, was intricate and complex, and had lost most of the pristine essence in a maze of formulas and rituals. He had squatted for hours in the courtyard of the philosophers, listening to the arguments of theologians and teachers, and come away in a haze of bewilderment, sure of only one thing, and that, that they were all touched in the head.
His gods were simple and understandable; Crom was their chief, and he lived on a great mountain, whence he sent forth dooms and death. It was useless to call on Crom, because he was a gloomy, savage god, and he hated weaklings. But he gave a man courage at birth, and the will and might to kill his enemies, which, in the Cimmerian's mind, was all any god should be expected to do.
While you'll likely never get any consensus on what the single greatest Conan story was from Howard fans, there are five stories which seem to exemplify Conan: "Beyond the Black River,""The People of the Black Circle,""Red Nails,""Queen of the Black Coast," and "The Tower of the Elephant.""Tower" was the first Conan story I read, which might go some way into explaining why it remains my favourite - not least because, as the above paragraph illustrates, it shows me just how little I really knew about Conan.

In this story, we see Conan being philosophical, contemplative, compassionate - all things which the pop cultural zeitgeist insisted was anathema to the Big Dumb Barbarian. Sure, he was still a savage warrior, fearless adventurer, and pretty amazing dude, but there were facets and subtleties that I had no idea were present. We see bits and pieces of this Conan throughout the stories, especially "The Phoenix on the Sword," but seeing even a young Conan in what seems incongruous light was a revelation for me.

The story itself has a number of other memorable characters, from unnamed single-line characters to the wonderfully weird antagonist, as well as one of the most powerful and moving "monster" reveals in all of Sword-and-Sorcery. There's a lot to love in this strange, awesome tale.



"Wings in the Night"
starring Solomon Kane

Solomon Kane leaned on his strangely carved staff and gazed in scowling perplexity at the mystery which spread silently before him. Many a deserted village Kane had seen in the months that had passed since he turned his face east from the Slave Coast and lost himself in the mazes of jungle and river, but never one like this.
It was not famine that had driven away the inhabitants, for yonder the wild rice still grew rank and unkempt in the untilled fields. There were no Arab slave-raiders in this nameless land—it must have been a tribal war that devastated the village, Kane decided, as he gazed sombrely at the scattered bones and grinning skulls that littered the space among the rank weeds and grasses. These bones were shattered and splintered, and Kane saw jackals and a hyena furtively slinking among the ruined huts. But why had the slayers left the spoils? There lay war spears, their shafts crumbling before the attacks of the white ants. There lay shields, mouldering in the rains and sun. There lay the cooking pots, and about the neck-bones of a shattered skeleton glistened a necklace of gaudily painted pebbles and shells— surely rare loot for any savage conqueror.
He gazed at the huts, wondering why the thatch roofs of so many were torn and rent, as if by taloned things seeking entrance. Then something made his cold eyes narrow in startled unbelief. Just outside the mouldering mound that was once the village wall towered a gigantic baobab tree, branchless for sixty feet, its mighty bole too large to be gripped and scaled. Yet in the topmost branches dangled a skeleton, apparently impaled on a broken limb.
The cold hand of mystery touched the shoulder of Solomon Kane. How came those pitiful remains in that tree? Had some monstrous ogre's inhuman hand flung them there?
One of the best articles I've ever read regarding Solomon Kane was Michal Wojcek's analysis of this story, which deftly & bluntly subverts the Mighty Whitey expectation of lesser authors & conveys the humanity of Kane and those he sought to aid. But even putting aside that sobering context, this story exemplifies the bleak, relentless worldview of the Kane stories - one where the world is unfair, & it seems like those who seek to do good are constantly fighting a losing battle, but they keep fighting on regardless.



"Worms of the Earth"
starring Bran Mak Morn
He was dark, but he did not resemble the Latins around him. There was about him none of the warm, almost Oriental sensuality of the Mediterranean which colored their features. The blond barbarians behind Sulla's chair were less unlike the man in facial outline than were the Romans. Not his were the full curving red lips, nor the rich waving locks suggestive of the Greek. Nor was his dark complexion the rich olive of the south; rather it was the bleak darkness of the north. The whole aspect of the man vaguely suggested the shadowed mists, the gloom, the cold and the icy winds of the naked northern lands. Even his black eyes were savagely cold, like black fires burning through fathoms of ice.

His height was only medium but there was something about him which transcended mere physical bulk—a certain fierce innate vitality, comparable only to that of a wolf or a panther. In every line of his supple, compact body, as well as in his coarse straight hair and thin lips, this was evident—in the hawk-like set of the head on the corded neck, in the broad square shoulders, in the deep chest, the lean loins, the narrow feet. Built with the savage economy of a panther, he was an image of dynamic potentialities, pent in with iron self-control.

"Worms of the Earth" is a top contender for the very best Robert E. Howard story of them all: his prose at its very best, the atmosphere, the characterisation. Plus, it's set in Scotland during the age of the Roman conquest of Britain.

Most of these stories are easily available in the Del Reys: many are in the public domain in Europe. I highly recommend the Del Rey collections, as well as Gollancz's big leathbound collections.

Here's to another 112 years.

Black Panthers and Ape Lords

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I had a feeling Black Panther would be my favourite Marvel film for a while now. The first trailer indicated to me that this was going to be a film steeped in the lore, ambiance, and spirit of Africa. I've always loved that continent: the many peoples, the fauna, the landscapes. So much of my favourite pulp adventure - Burroughs, Haggard, Howard - is set in a historical, mythic, or fantastical version of Africa. But so many of these stories are written from the adventurer's perspective - someone going to Africa, where Africa is a faraway land of wonders and mysteries. From the African perspective, Africa is home: it's always been there, they've always been there. Black Panther, being the creation of two North Americans, started life as an outsider's interpretation of an African superhero. Black Panther, the film, seeks to bring him home.

The results are plain to see: an all-star cast and senior crew from all across the world, almost all of whom have a direct or ancestral link to the continent. It isn't an adventure so much as a homecoming.

The depth and richness of Black Panther could easily inspire thousands of words of critique and analysis, from the languages to the clothing; the architecture to the martial arts; the music to the dances. To demonstrate the film's profundity, I'm going to look at one seemingly tiny aspect of the film across three posts, and explore the possibilities and meaning therein - the Gorilla God of the Jabari.




Of Man and Ape



The character of M'Baku, created by Roy Thomas and John Buscema, first appeared in March 1969 in Avengers #62, as the supervillain Man-Ape. The historical association of the people of Africa and our simian cousins is one that'll be all too familiar to adventure and pulp fiction: as comics could be considered the descendants of the pulps, such associations join Orientalism and Egyptomania as recurring themes in Marvel, DC, and beyond. M'Baku could have been a tricky character to adapt in the 2010s: Marvel could easily have either subverted the character beyond recognition (as with Mandarin in Iron Man 3), whitewashed the character in a hamfisted attempt at cultural sensitivity (as with the Ancient One in Doctor Strange) or simply left the character back in the pages (which I'm fairly certain will be the fate of Whitewash Jones). Indeed, producer Nate Moore intimated as such in a statement about the character:

The character of M'Baku has always been problematic. Man Ape is an image that I personally find offensive, and can be offensive if handled incorrectly. But the idea of the character that we especially borrowed from the [Christopher] Priest run specifically, of this guy who is the head of the religious minority in Wakanda, that's fascinating. That's something that's real. That's something that we felt we could ground and give him a real character story that made him worth including. So defining the world of Wakanda and how M'Baku and the Jabari fit in that world was important in making that character work at all. Otherwise, we would have just taken him out.


Luckily, Moore and the other filmmakers found a way: not only did M'Baku survive the cut, he positively shines in the film - a highlight in a film dazzled with such stars. M'Baku offers a masterclass in reconciling such a character with modern sensibilities by simple reinterpretation, as Winston Duke, the actor who brought him to life, explains:

The Jabari tribe is known for worshipping the gorilla god Hanuman; in the original comics, M’Baku was actually introduced as “Man-Ape,” a name abandoned by the film adaptation for obvious reasons. But by contextualizing the Jabari religion, Duke found an elegant way to sidestep negative or racist perceptions: “They haven’t been affected by colonialism and all the narratives that are associated with developing a sense of inferiority and people comparing them to animals,” he says. “To them, this is just who they pray to, and they find their strength and agency in this religion. So being a bit gorilla-influenced was a sense of pride for them.”

He also came up with certain ape-inspired characteristics for the film, including a scene in which the Jabari men grunt at an outsider who speaks without permission—a threatening cue for that person to shut up. To find M’Baku’s voice, he researched and imitated Nigerian accents, further separating the character from the South African-inspired T’Challa. It’s just one of many ways the Jabari differ from the city-based Wakandans, who largely worship the panther god Bast.

“The panther is sleek, the panther is sneaky, the panther is covert—meanwhile, the gorilla will show up and bang on his chest and make noises to warn you about what is about to happen if you continue to cross the line,” Duke says. “We don’t hide, we don’t sneak. We come through the front door.”

Black Panther's depiction of M'Baku and the Jabari are a fine example of how to reject cultural insensitivities by taking the associations used against them, internalising them, and expressing a positive interpretation: making ideas meant to hurt and belittle into a source of power and pride. Before colonisation and the traducing of Africa's culture by invaders, apes and monkeys were revered and venerated as much as lions, elephants, rhinos, or any of the charismatic megafauna of that great continent. Comparing black people to apes, particularly gorillas, was meant to dehumanise black people, to equate them with beasts, brutes, monsters - a comparison which insults not only human beings, but our fellow primates.



A nation which isolated itself physically from colonialism could also protect itself from the narratives that rose from its flames, as Duke says in another interview:

I needed to know who I was playing. I needed to know if I was just playing M’Baku or if I was playing Man-Ape. As an actor, it would dictate how I play that very differently. I wasn’t worried about playing a guy that was called Man-Ape, because I actually felt within this world or Wakanda, that’s never been conquered, that’s never had a lot of narratives and false narratives place upon it, a character who’s not been exposed to internalized inferiority about animals and being animalistic, he wouldn’t embody that. To him, that’s a source and place of pride.
Yeah, if he was Man-Ape, I felt that I could justify it. But I understood the larger context of the world we do live in, what that would mean and how that would come off, and I also respect it. For me as an actor, I could understand playing a character named Man-Ape and making him be proud to be that. I also understood that we are making a movie that is also of our time and the responsibility of that.

To call a human a monkey or an ape was offensive because Europeans, not Africans, found monkeys and apes offensive. That this paradigm is still used in such a hateful and despicable manner in this day and age is a grotesque affront to hominids everywhere. Black Panther, however, does not shy from the gorilla associations, but instead celebrates them. How?


The Jabari as depicted in Black Panther are distinct from the other tribes of Wakanda. Their city may be constructed of wood and stone, but their constructions are no less impressive than the technological marvels of Wakanda itself. They don furs and wooden masks carved in the image of their revered deity. And, most memorably, they evoke their patron vocally with their intimidating war cries. Yet we also find they have deep social bonds and ettiquette, are quickly moved to aid as well as harm - and their veneration for the gorilla evokes modern sensibilities of gorillas over pulp fiction that was informed by inadequate science.




It's sometimes surprising to remember that gorillas were largely figures of mystery and myth as recently as the mid-19th Century, and it wasn't until 1920 that a full, modern scientific expedition was undertaken. Gorillas, and Great Apes in general, were depicted in popular culture much as they had since the time of their discovery by western science, from Emmanuel Fremiet's hugely influential Gorille enlevant une Femme through to King Kong and other perilous apes. Indeed, the notion of the "white-fanged ape-man" was not fully challenged until Dian Fossey's paradigm-shifting work in the 1960s.

By casting off the outdated, damagingmisconceptions of the anthropophagous, brutal, incongruouslylibidinous Great Ape that emerged from their recent discovery, and replacing them with what we know of the Great Ape after decades of research - a herbivorous, sensitive, complex creature - Black Panther deftly shows what can be done. Gorillas are no longer poorly-understood man-eatingmonsters, but animals as beautiful and magnificent as any other life-form, no less gentle for their strength, no less intelligent for their instincts. This is beautifully encapsulated by the Jabari in a scene in the film which I won't spoil, but provoked hearty laughter from all in the cinema when I attended.

As Duke says in in an interview with CQ:

There's just so much—just the idea that your hero is using kinetic energy that's meant to harm him, and he redirects it and uses it as his power—if that's not an allegory for oppressed people, I don't know what is. [laughs] Internalizing negative energy and using it for your empowerment.

There's much more to cover: the name of M'Baku's god, how it came to Wakanda, and unexpected connections to An Age Undreamed Of...


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